Methods of Description and Interpretation of Impact Tests Results of Fruit and Vegetables
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Published:
Dec 31, 2020
Keywords:
impact load, modelling, estimation of bruising
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Abstract
The article presents determination methods of characteristic values of the reaction force course during the impact on fruit and vegetables to quickly assess their firmness or maturity. Moreover, various methods of modelling of the plant material behaviour during the impact that use differential equations, analytical equations, statistic models and numerical methods were discussed. Furthermore, dynamic methods that use fruit dropping on a rigid plate and measurement techniques that use a rigid element that hits a motionless fruit were reviewed and assessed. Advantages and disadvantages of these methods were presented. Statistical models are better for assessment of the bruise damage, but theoretical models are more useful for understanding the impact of various factors related to the impact damage. Various methods of application of rheological theories that describe a behaviour of the produce tissue treated as an elastic, elastic and plastic and visco-elastic were also described.
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Stropek, Z. (2020). Methods of Description and Interpretation of Impact Tests Results of Fruit and Vegetables. Agricultural Engineering , 24(4), 95-104. Retrieved from https://agriceng.ptir.org/index.php/AgricEng/article/view/264
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References
Ahmadi, E., Barikloo, H., Kashafi, M. (2016). Viscoelastic finite element analysis of the dynamic behavior of apple under impact loading with regard its different layers. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 121, 1-11.
Alamar, M.C., Vanstreels, E., Oey, M.L., Molto, E., Nicolai, B.M. (2008). Micromechanical behaviour of apple tissue in tensile and compression test: storage conditions and cultivar effect. Journal of Food Engineering, 86, 324-333.
Bower D R., Rohrbach R. P.: Application of vibratory sorting to blueberry firmness separation. Transactions of the ASAE 19(1): 185-191, 1976.
Brusewitz, G.H. (1994). Drop impact testing applications to fruit quality. International Agrophysics, 8, 389-392.
Celik, H.K. (2017). Determination of bruise susceptibility of pears (Ankara variety) to impact load by means of FEM-based explicit dynamics simulation. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 128, 83-97.
Delwiche, M.J., Sarig, Y. (1991). A probe impact sensor for fruit firmness measurement. Transactions of the ASAE, 34, 187-192.
Dintwa, E., Van Zeebroeck, M., Tijskens, E., Ramon. H. (2005). Determination of parameters of tangential contact force model for viscoelastic spheroids (fruits) using rheometer device. Biosystems Engineering, 91, 321-327.
Franke, J.E., Rohrbach, R.P. (1981). A nonlinear impact model for a sphere with a flat plate. Transactions of the ASAE, 24, 1683-1686.
Gan-Mor, S., Galili, N. (2000). Rheological model of fruit collision an elastic plate. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, 75, 139-147.
Gao, Y., Song, C., Rao, X., Ying, Y. (2018). Image processing-aided FEA for monitoring dynamic response of potato tubers to impact loading. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 151, 21-30.
Hamann, D.D. (1970). Analysis of stress during impact of fruit considered to be viscoelastic. Transactions of the ASAE, 13, 893-899.
Harker, F.R., Stec, M.G.H., Hallet, I.C., Bennet, L. (1997). Texture of parenchymatous plant tissue: a comparison between tensile and other instrumental and sensory measurements of tissue strength and juiciness. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 11, 63-72.
Henry, Z.A., Zhang, H., Onks, D.O. (2000). New model for elastic behaviour of cellular material. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, 76, 399-408.
Hunter S. C.: The Hertz problem for a rigid spherical indenter and a viscoelastic half-space. Journal of Mechanics and Physics of Solids 8: 219-234, 1960.
Jaren, C., Garcia-Pardo, E. (2002). Using non-destructive impact testing for sorting fruits. Journal of Food Engineering, 53, 89-95.
Komarnicki, P., Stopa, R., Szyjewicz, D., Młotek, M. (2016). Evaluation of bruise resistance of pears to impact load. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 114, 36-44.
Li, Z., Yang, H., Li, P., Liu, J., Wang, J., Xu, Y. (2013). Fruit biomechanics based on anatomy: a review. International Agrophysics, 27, 97-106.
Lichtensteiger, M.J., Holmes, R.G., Hamdy, M.Y., Blaisdell, J. L. (1988). Evaluation of Kelvin model coefficients for viscoelastic spheres. Transactions of the ASAE, 31, 288-292.
Menesatti, P., Paglia, G. (2001). Development of drop damage index of fruit resistance to damage. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, 80, 53-64.
Menesatti, P., Paglia, G., Solaini,S., Zanella, A., Stainer, R., Costa, C., Cecchetti, M. (2002). Non-linear multiple regression models to estimate the drop damage index. Biosystems Engineering, 83, 319-326.
Mitsuhashi-Gonzalez, K., Pitts, M.J., Fellman, J.K., Curry, E.A., Clary, C.D. (2010). Bruising profile of fresh apples associated with tissue type and structure. Applied Engineering in Agriculture, 26, 509-517.
Nikara, S., Ahmadi, E., Nia, A.A. (2020). Finite element simulation of the micromechanical changes of the tissue and cells of potato response to impact during storage by scanning electron microscopy. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 164, 111153.
Pang, D.W., Studman, C.J., Banks, N.H., Baas, P.H. (1996). Rapid assessment of the susceptibility of apples to bruising. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, 64, 37-48.
Peleg, K. (1984). A mathematical model of produce damage mechanisms. Transaction of the ASAE, 27, 1275-1280.
Ragni, L., Berardinelli, A. (2001). Mechanical behaviour of apples and damage during sorting and packaging. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, 78, 273-279.
Rasli, M.A., Nawi, N.M., Ahmad, D., Yahaya, A. (2019). The effect of crop parameters on mechanical properties of oil palm fruitlets. Scientia Horticulturae, 250, 352-358.
Salarikia, A., Miraei, A.S.H., Golzarian, M.R., Mohammadinezhad, H. (2017). Finite element analysis of the dynamic behavior of pear under impact loading. Information Processing in Agriculture, 4, 64-77.
Siyami, S., Brown, G.K., Burgess, G.J., Gerrish, J.B., Tennes, B.R., Burton, C.L., Zapp, R.H. (1988). Apple impact bruise prediction models. Transactions of the ASAE, 31, 1038-1046.
Stropek, Z., Gołacki, K. (2020). Bruise susceptibility and energy dissipation analysis in pears under impact loading conditions. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 163, 111120.
Surdilovic, J., Praeger, U., Herold, B., Truppel, I., Geyer, M. (2018). Impact characterization of agricultural products by fall trajectory simulation and measurement. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 151, 460-468.
Tijskens, E., Ramon, H., De Baerdemaeker, J. (2003). Discrete element modelling for process simulation in agriculture. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 266, 493-514.
Van linden, V., Scheerlinck, N., Desmet, M., De Baerdemaeker, J. (2006). Factors that affect tomato bruise development as a result of mechanical impact. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 42, 260-270.
Van Zeebroeck, M., Tijskens, E., Van Liedekerke, P., Deli, V., De Baerdemaeker, J., Ramon, H. (2003). Determination of the dynamical behaviour of biological materials during impact using a pendulum device. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 266, 465-480.
Van Zeebroeck, M., Van linden, V., Darius, P., De Ketelaere, B., Ramon, H., Tijskens, E. (2007). The effect of fruit factors on the bruise susceptibility of apples. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 46, 10-19.
Yen, M., Wan, Y. (2003). Determination of textural indices of guiava fruit using discriminate analysis by impact force. Transactions of the ASAE, 46, 1161-1166.
Yurtlu, Y.B., Erdogan, D. (2005). Effect of storage time on some mechanical properties and bruise susceptibility of pears and apples. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 29, 469-482.
Zarifneshat, S., Ghassemzadeh, H.R., Sadeghi, M., Abbaspour-Fard, M.H., Ahmadi, E., Javadi, A., Shervani-Tabar, M.T. (2010). Effect of impact level and fruit properties on Golden Delicious apple bruising. American Journal of Agricultural and Biological Sciences, 5, 114-121.
Zhang X., Brusewitz G.H. (1991). Impact force model related to peach firmness. Transactions of the ASAE, 34, 2094-2098.
Alamar, M.C., Vanstreels, E., Oey, M.L., Molto, E., Nicolai, B.M. (2008). Micromechanical behaviour of apple tissue in tensile and compression test: storage conditions and cultivar effect. Journal of Food Engineering, 86, 324-333.
Bower D R., Rohrbach R. P.: Application of vibratory sorting to blueberry firmness separation. Transactions of the ASAE 19(1): 185-191, 1976.
Brusewitz, G.H. (1994). Drop impact testing applications to fruit quality. International Agrophysics, 8, 389-392.
Celik, H.K. (2017). Determination of bruise susceptibility of pears (Ankara variety) to impact load by means of FEM-based explicit dynamics simulation. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 128, 83-97.
Delwiche, M.J., Sarig, Y. (1991). A probe impact sensor for fruit firmness measurement. Transactions of the ASAE, 34, 187-192.
Dintwa, E., Van Zeebroeck, M., Tijskens, E., Ramon. H. (2005). Determination of parameters of tangential contact force model for viscoelastic spheroids (fruits) using rheometer device. Biosystems Engineering, 91, 321-327.
Franke, J.E., Rohrbach, R.P. (1981). A nonlinear impact model for a sphere with a flat plate. Transactions of the ASAE, 24, 1683-1686.
Gan-Mor, S., Galili, N. (2000). Rheological model of fruit collision an elastic plate. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, 75, 139-147.
Gao, Y., Song, C., Rao, X., Ying, Y. (2018). Image processing-aided FEA for monitoring dynamic response of potato tubers to impact loading. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 151, 21-30.
Hamann, D.D. (1970). Analysis of stress during impact of fruit considered to be viscoelastic. Transactions of the ASAE, 13, 893-899.
Harker, F.R., Stec, M.G.H., Hallet, I.C., Bennet, L. (1997). Texture of parenchymatous plant tissue: a comparison between tensile and other instrumental and sensory measurements of tissue strength and juiciness. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 11, 63-72.
Henry, Z.A., Zhang, H., Onks, D.O. (2000). New model for elastic behaviour of cellular material. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, 76, 399-408.
Hunter S. C.: The Hertz problem for a rigid spherical indenter and a viscoelastic half-space. Journal of Mechanics and Physics of Solids 8: 219-234, 1960.
Jaren, C., Garcia-Pardo, E. (2002). Using non-destructive impact testing for sorting fruits. Journal of Food Engineering, 53, 89-95.
Komarnicki, P., Stopa, R., Szyjewicz, D., Młotek, M. (2016). Evaluation of bruise resistance of pears to impact load. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 114, 36-44.
Li, Z., Yang, H., Li, P., Liu, J., Wang, J., Xu, Y. (2013). Fruit biomechanics based on anatomy: a review. International Agrophysics, 27, 97-106.
Lichtensteiger, M.J., Holmes, R.G., Hamdy, M.Y., Blaisdell, J. L. (1988). Evaluation of Kelvin model coefficients for viscoelastic spheres. Transactions of the ASAE, 31, 288-292.
Menesatti, P., Paglia, G. (2001). Development of drop damage index of fruit resistance to damage. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, 80, 53-64.
Menesatti, P., Paglia, G., Solaini,S., Zanella, A., Stainer, R., Costa, C., Cecchetti, M. (2002). Non-linear multiple regression models to estimate the drop damage index. Biosystems Engineering, 83, 319-326.
Mitsuhashi-Gonzalez, K., Pitts, M.J., Fellman, J.K., Curry, E.A., Clary, C.D. (2010). Bruising profile of fresh apples associated with tissue type and structure. Applied Engineering in Agriculture, 26, 509-517.
Nikara, S., Ahmadi, E., Nia, A.A. (2020). Finite element simulation of the micromechanical changes of the tissue and cells of potato response to impact during storage by scanning electron microscopy. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 164, 111153.
Pang, D.W., Studman, C.J., Banks, N.H., Baas, P.H. (1996). Rapid assessment of the susceptibility of apples to bruising. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, 64, 37-48.
Peleg, K. (1984). A mathematical model of produce damage mechanisms. Transaction of the ASAE, 27, 1275-1280.
Ragni, L., Berardinelli, A. (2001). Mechanical behaviour of apples and damage during sorting and packaging. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, 78, 273-279.
Rasli, M.A., Nawi, N.M., Ahmad, D., Yahaya, A. (2019). The effect of crop parameters on mechanical properties of oil palm fruitlets. Scientia Horticulturae, 250, 352-358.
Salarikia, A., Miraei, A.S.H., Golzarian, M.R., Mohammadinezhad, H. (2017). Finite element analysis of the dynamic behavior of pear under impact loading. Information Processing in Agriculture, 4, 64-77.
Siyami, S., Brown, G.K., Burgess, G.J., Gerrish, J.B., Tennes, B.R., Burton, C.L., Zapp, R.H. (1988). Apple impact bruise prediction models. Transactions of the ASAE, 31, 1038-1046.
Stropek, Z., Gołacki, K. (2020). Bruise susceptibility and energy dissipation analysis in pears under impact loading conditions. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 163, 111120.
Surdilovic, J., Praeger, U., Herold, B., Truppel, I., Geyer, M. (2018). Impact characterization of agricultural products by fall trajectory simulation and measurement. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 151, 460-468.
Tijskens, E., Ramon, H., De Baerdemaeker, J. (2003). Discrete element modelling for process simulation in agriculture. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 266, 493-514.
Van linden, V., Scheerlinck, N., Desmet, M., De Baerdemaeker, J. (2006). Factors that affect tomato bruise development as a result of mechanical impact. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 42, 260-270.
Van Zeebroeck, M., Tijskens, E., Van Liedekerke, P., Deli, V., De Baerdemaeker, J., Ramon, H. (2003). Determination of the dynamical behaviour of biological materials during impact using a pendulum device. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 266, 465-480.
Van Zeebroeck, M., Van linden, V., Darius, P., De Ketelaere, B., Ramon, H., Tijskens, E. (2007). The effect of fruit factors on the bruise susceptibility of apples. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 46, 10-19.
Yen, M., Wan, Y. (2003). Determination of textural indices of guiava fruit using discriminate analysis by impact force. Transactions of the ASAE, 46, 1161-1166.
Yurtlu, Y.B., Erdogan, D. (2005). Effect of storage time on some mechanical properties and bruise susceptibility of pears and apples. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 29, 469-482.
Zarifneshat, S., Ghassemzadeh, H.R., Sadeghi, M., Abbaspour-Fard, M.H., Ahmadi, E., Javadi, A., Shervani-Tabar, M.T. (2010). Effect of impact level and fruit properties on Golden Delicious apple bruising. American Journal of Agricultural and Biological Sciences, 5, 114-121.
Zhang X., Brusewitz G.H. (1991). Impact force model related to peach firmness. Transactions of the ASAE, 34, 2094-2098.