Numerical Simulation of Soil Water Dynamics in Automated Drip Irrigated Okra Field Under Plastic Mulch
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Published:
Jan 31, 2023
Keywords:
Automated drip irrigation, HYDRUS-2D, mulch scenario, rootzone moisture, soil water movement
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Abstract
In India, drip irrigation with plastic mulch is a common practise for irrigation that conserves water. For the design and administration of irrigation regimes, a thorough understanding of the distribution and flow of soil water in the root zone is required. It has been demonstrated that simulation models are effective tools for this purpose. In this work, an automated drip-irrigated Okra field with seven treatments namely T1- Soil moisture-based drip irrigation to 100% FC, T2- Soil moisture-based drip irrigation to 80% FC, T3- Soil moisture-based drip irrigation to 60% FC, T4- Timer based drip irrigation to 100% CWR, T5- Timer based drip irrigation to 80% CWR, T6- Timer based drip irrigation to 60% CWR and T7- Conventional drip irrigation at 100% CWR were utilised to mimic the temporal fluctuations in soil water content using the numerical model HYDRUS2D. With the help of the observed data, the inverse solution was used to optimise the soil hydraulic parameters. The model was used to forecast soil water content for seven field treatments at optimal conditions. Root mean square error (RMSE) and coefficient of determination (R2) were used to assess the congruences between the predictions and data. With RMSE ranging from 0.036 to 0.067 cm3, MAE ranging from 0.020 to 0.059, and R2 ranging from 0.848 to 0.959, the findings showed that the model fairly represented the differences in soil water content at all sites in seven treatments.
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K. Nagaraju, V., Nagarajan, K., Kannan, B., Ramanathan, S., & Duraisamy, R. (2023). Numerical Simulation of Soil Water Dynamics in Automated Drip Irrigated Okra Field Under Plastic Mulch. Agricultural Engineering , 27, 11-32. https://doi.org/10.2478/agriceng-2023-0002
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References
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Cammalleri, C., Rallo, G., Agnese, C., Ciraolo, G., Minacapilli, M. and Provenzano, G. (2013). Combined use of eddy covariance and sap flow techniques for partition of ET fluxes and water stress assessment in an irrigated olive orchard. Agricultural Water Management, 120, 89-97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2012.10.003.10.1016/j.agwat.2012.10.003
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Ebrahimian, H., Liaghat, A., Parsinejad, M., Playán, E., Abbasi, F., and Navabian, M. (2013). Simulation of 1D surface and 2D subsurface water flow and nitrate transport in alternate and conventional furrow fertigation. Irrigation Science, 31(3), 301-316.10.1007/s00271-011-0303-3
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Minacapilli, M., Agnese, C., Blanda, F., Cammalleri, C., Ciraolo, G., D’Urso, G., Iovino, M., Pumo, D., Provenzano, G., and Rallo, G. (2009). Estimation of actual evapotranspiration of Mediterranean perennial crops by means of remote-sensing based surface energy balance models. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 13(7), 1061-1074.10.5194/hess-13-1061-2009
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Radcliffe, D. E., and Simunek, J. (2018). Soil physics with HYDRUS: Modeling and applications. CRC press.10.1201/9781315275666
Rallo, G., Agnese, C., Blanda, F., Minacapilli, M., and Provenzano, G. (2010). Agro- Hydrological models to schedule irrigation of Mediterranean tree crops. Italian Journal of Agrometeorology, 1, 11-21.
Rallo, G., Agnese, C., Minacapilli, M., and Provenzano, G. (2012). Comparison of SWAP and FAO agro-hydrological models to schedule irrigation of wine grape. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 138(1).10.1061/(ASCE)IR.1943-4774.0000435
Rallo, G., González-Altozano, P., Manzano-Juárez, J., and Provenzano, G. (2017). Using field measurements and FAO-56 model to assess the eco-physiological response of citrus orchards under regulated deficit irrigation. Agricultural water management, 180, 136-147.10.1016/j.agwat.2016.11.011
Ranjbar, A., Rahimikhoob, A., Ebrahimian, H., and Varavipour, M. (2019). Simulation of nitrogen uptake and distribution under furrows and ridges during the maize growth period using HYDRUS- 2D. Irrigation Science, 37(4), 495-509.10.1007/s00271-019-00627-5
Richards, L.A. (1931). Capillary conduction of liquids through porous mediums. Physics, 1, 318-333.10.1063/1.1745010
Ritchie, J.T. (1972). A model for predicting evaporation from a row crop with incomplete cover. Water research, 8, 1204-1213.10.1029/WR008i005p01204
Šimůnek, J., Šejna, M., and van Genuchten, M.Th. (1999). The Hydrus-2D Software Package for Simulating Two-dimensional Movement of Water, Heat, and Multiple Solutes in Variably Saturated Media. Version 2.0, IGWMC − TPS − 53. International Ground Water Modeling Center, Colorado School of Mines Golden, Colorado 251pp.
Šimůnek, J., Šejna, M., and van Genuchten, M.Th. (2016). Recent developments and applicationsof the Hydrus computer software packages. Vadose Zone Journal, 1-25.10.2136/vzj2016.04.0033
Skaggs, T.H., Trout, T.J., Šimůnek, J., and Shouse, P. J. (2004). Comparison of HYDRUS-2D simulations of drip irrigation with experimental observations. Journal of irrigation and drainage engineering, 130(4), 304-310.10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9437(2004)130:4(304)
Thompson, R.B., Gallardo, M., Valdez, L.C., and Fernandez, M.D. (2007). Determination of lower limits for irrigation management using in situ assessments of apparent crop water uptake made with volumetric soil water content sensors. Agricultural Water Management 92, 13-28.10.1016/j.agwat.2007.04.009
Vrugt, J. A., Hopmans, J. W., and Šimunek, J. (2001). Calibration of a two-dimensional root water uptake model. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 65(4), 1027-1037.10.2136/sssaj2001.6541027x
Autovino, D., Rallo, G., and Provenzano, G. (2018). Predicting soil and plant water status dynamic in olive orchards under different irrigation systems with Hydrus-2D: Model performance and scenario analysis. Agricultural water management, 203, 225-235.10.1016/j.agwat.2018.03.015
Azad, N., Behmanesh, J., Rezaverdinejad, V., Abbasi, F., and Navabian, M. (2018). Developing an optimization model in drip fertigation management to consider environmental issues and supply plant requirements. Agricultural water management, 208, 344-356.10.1016/j.agwat.2018.06.030
Cammalleri, C., Rallo, G., Agnese, C., Ciraolo, G., Minacapilli, M. and Provenzano, G. (2013). Combined use of eddy covariance and sap flow techniques for partition of ET fluxes and water stress assessment in an irrigated olive orchard. Agricultural Water Management, 120, 89-97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2012.10.003.10.1016/j.agwat.2012.10.003
Dhawan, V. (2017). Water and agriculture in India: background paper for the South Asia expert panel during the Global Forum for Food and Agriculture (GFFA). Hamburg, OAV – German Asia-Pacific Business Association.
Ebrahimian, H., Liaghat, A., Parsinejad, M., Playán, E., Abbasi, F., and Navabian, M. (2013). Simulation of 1D surface and 2D subsurface water flow and nitrate transport in alternate and conventional furrow fertigation. Irrigation Science, 31(3), 301-316.10.1007/s00271-011-0303-3
Enciso, J.M., Jifon, J., and Wiedenfeld, B. (2007). Subsurface drip irrigation of onions: effects of drip tape emitter spacing on yield and quality. Agricultural Water Management 92(3), 1-7.10.1016/j.agwat.2007.05.017
Feddes, R.A. (1982). Simulation of field water use and crop yield. In Simulation of plant growth and crop production. Pudoc, pp. 194-209.
Ghazouani, H., Autovino, D., Rallo, G., Douh, B., and Provenzano, G. (2016). Using Hydrus-2D model to assess the optimal drip lateral depth for Eggplant crop in a sandy loam soil of central Tunisia. Italian Journal of Agrometeorology, 1, 47-58.
Han, M., Zhao, C., Šimůnek, J., and Feng, G. (2015). Evaluating the impact of groundwater on cotton growth and root zone water balance using Hydrus-1D coupled with a crop growth model. Agricultural Water Management, 160, 64-75.10.1016/j.agwat.2015.06.028
Jones, H.G. (2004). Irrigation scheduling: advantages and pitfalls of plant-based methods. Journal of experimental botany, 55(407), 2427-2436.10.1093/jxb/erh21315286143
Kandelous, M. M., Šimůnek, J., Van Genuchten, M. T., and Malek, K. (2011). Soil water content distributions between two emitters of a subsurface drip irrigation system. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 75(2), 488-497.10.2136/sssaj2010.0181
Kisekka, I., Migliaccio, K.W., Dukes, M.D., Schaffer, B., and Crane, J.H. (2010). Real-timeevapotranspiration- based irrigation scheduling and physiological response in a carambola (Averhoha carambola) orchard. Applied Engineering in Agriculture, 26(3), 373-380.10.13031/2013.29960
Lozoya, C., Mendoza, C., Aguilar, A., Román, A., and Castelló, R. (2016). Sensor-based model driven control strategy for precision irrigation. Journal of Sensors, 9784071.10.1155/2016/9784071
Mailhol, J.C., Ruelle, P., Walser, S., Schütze, N., and Dejean, C. (2011). Analysis of AET and yield predictions under surface and buried drip irrigation systems using the Crop Model PILOTE and Hydrus-2D. Agricultural Water Management, 98, 1033-1044.10.1016/j.agwat.2011.01.014
Mei-Xian, L.I.U., Jing-Song, Y.A.N.G., Xiao-Ming, L.I., Mei, Y.U., and Jin, W.A.N.G. (2013). Numerical simulation of soil water dynamics in a drip irrigated cotton field under plastic mulch. Pedosphere, 23(5), 620-635.10.1016/S1002-0160(13)60055-7
Minacapilli, M., Agnese, C., Blanda, F., Cammalleri, C., Ciraolo, G., D’Urso, G., Iovino, M., Pumo, D., Provenzano, G., and Rallo, G. (2009). Estimation of actual evapotranspiration of Mediterranean perennial crops by means of remote-sensing based surface energy balance models. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 13(7), 1061-1074.10.5194/hess-13-1061-2009
Mun˜oz-Carpena, R., Dukes, M.D., Li, Y., and Klassen, W. (2005). Field comparison of tensiometer and granular matrix sensor automatic drip irrigation on tomato. HortTechnology, 15 (3), 584–590.10.21273/HORTTECH.15.3.0584
Radcliffe, D. E., and Simunek, J. (2018). Soil physics with HYDRUS: Modeling and applications. CRC press.10.1201/9781315275666
Rallo, G., Agnese, C., Blanda, F., Minacapilli, M., and Provenzano, G. (2010). Agro- Hydrological models to schedule irrigation of Mediterranean tree crops. Italian Journal of Agrometeorology, 1, 11-21.
Rallo, G., Agnese, C., Minacapilli, M., and Provenzano, G. (2012). Comparison of SWAP and FAO agro-hydrological models to schedule irrigation of wine grape. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 138(1).10.1061/(ASCE)IR.1943-4774.0000435
Rallo, G., González-Altozano, P., Manzano-Juárez, J., and Provenzano, G. (2017). Using field measurements and FAO-56 model to assess the eco-physiological response of citrus orchards under regulated deficit irrigation. Agricultural water management, 180, 136-147.10.1016/j.agwat.2016.11.011
Ranjbar, A., Rahimikhoob, A., Ebrahimian, H., and Varavipour, M. (2019). Simulation of nitrogen uptake and distribution under furrows and ridges during the maize growth period using HYDRUS- 2D. Irrigation Science, 37(4), 495-509.10.1007/s00271-019-00627-5
Richards, L.A. (1931). Capillary conduction of liquids through porous mediums. Physics, 1, 318-333.10.1063/1.1745010
Ritchie, J.T. (1972). A model for predicting evaporation from a row crop with incomplete cover. Water research, 8, 1204-1213.10.1029/WR008i005p01204
Šimůnek, J., Šejna, M., and van Genuchten, M.Th. (1999). The Hydrus-2D Software Package for Simulating Two-dimensional Movement of Water, Heat, and Multiple Solutes in Variably Saturated Media. Version 2.0, IGWMC − TPS − 53. International Ground Water Modeling Center, Colorado School of Mines Golden, Colorado 251pp.
Šimůnek, J., Šejna, M., and van Genuchten, M.Th. (2016). Recent developments and applicationsof the Hydrus computer software packages. Vadose Zone Journal, 1-25.10.2136/vzj2016.04.0033
Skaggs, T.H., Trout, T.J., Šimůnek, J., and Shouse, P. J. (2004). Comparison of HYDRUS-2D simulations of drip irrigation with experimental observations. Journal of irrigation and drainage engineering, 130(4), 304-310.10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9437(2004)130:4(304)
Thompson, R.B., Gallardo, M., Valdez, L.C., and Fernandez, M.D. (2007). Determination of lower limits for irrigation management using in situ assessments of apparent crop water uptake made with volumetric soil water content sensors. Agricultural Water Management 92, 13-28.10.1016/j.agwat.2007.04.009
Vrugt, J. A., Hopmans, J. W., and Šimunek, J. (2001). Calibration of a two-dimensional root water uptake model. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 65(4), 1027-1037.10.2136/sssaj2001.6541027x